The Sixth Challenge of Vision 2020 Essay Example for Free

The Sixth Challenge of Vision 2020 Essay The sixth challenge of vision 2020 is to form a scientific –oriented and progressive society. A scientific, oriented and progressive society is a society that is fully inventive and creative, forward-looking, optimism, generous and provides a technological civilization in the future. The reason why I think the sixth challenge cannot be met because of the identification of race with economic function, and the recognition of race in economic backwardness. Identification of race with economic scale implies that the income of individual is not equal; the crisis of disparity between races is significant. Each race will have their own economic worth due to the individual upbringing and education, economic preferences and effort therefore they received different financial reward. An equality of income between races is not possible and not achievable. On the other hand, the sixth challenge cannot be meet on year 2020 is because of lack of skill labors in the society. Young Malaysians seek to study and work abroad and this create a shortage of skill labor which slowed down the growth of the country. Others countries provide better wages, career opportunity, environment and education than Malaysia such as neighbor Singapore. Therefore, it is hard to develop a scientific society by year 2020 if there is a shortage in skilled labors, potential and technologies. To overcome the challenge, 1 Malaysia concept must be strongly built up in every race’s mindset to reduce racial politics in the country. The society should accept and tolerances among people of different races, and have a mutual respect for each citizens within the country. Government should allocated resources appropriately to reduce the racist crisis. Next, government should also focus on the level of wages and allowance pay to the skilled labor to reduce the capital loss of country. Government should increase the project of development of the country to provide more career opportunities to the citizens.

Feminism and Cultural Relativism in Human Rights Discourse: Sex-determi

Feminism and Cultural Relativism in Human Rights Discourse: Sex-determination Test in India ABSTRACT: Feminists and cultural relativists are highly critical of human rights even if their criticisms have taken two diametrically opposed sides. This has created a conflict between the two groups. In this paper, I summarize the views of feminists and cultural relativists and then show that there are many similarities between them despite their differences, for they share a common ground concerning human rights discourse. Based on the similarities, I believe that both must work together on this matter by making changes in an inclusive way with regard to human rights violations. This is true not only at the international level but also at national levels. To demonstrate this, I analyze the issue of the sex-determination test in India and show that if feminists and cultural relativists joined hands, then the problem of aborting female fetuses in India (due to cultural conditioning and leading to the larger problem of adverse sex ratios) could be resolved. I conclude by proposing th at medical technology could be channeled in the direction of progress if feminists and cultural relativists work jointly for the promotion of women's rights by recognizing 'different voices' of women across race, class, age, culture, sexual orientation and wealth. Recently, during the world conferences organized by United Nations in Vienna, Cairo and Beijing, the human rights discourse has taken different forms and have created bitter differences among different camps. In these international conferences, feminists claim victory over cultural relativists as feminists were able to reaffirm women's human rights. (1) Feminists and cultural relativists are the... ... (5) See Claude Ake, "The African Context of Human Rights," Africa Today, Vol. 32, number 5 (1987) (6) Hilary Charlesworth, "What are Women's International Human Rights"?, Human Rights of Women, supra note 25, at 617. (7) See Shashi Tharoo, "The Universality of Human Rights and their Relevance to Developing Countries," Nordic Journal of International Law, Vol. 142 (1990 (8) See Radhika Balakrishnan, "The Social Context of Sex Selection and the Politics of Abortion in India," Power and Decision: The Social Control of Reproduction, by Gita Sen and Rachel C. Snow, 266-283; Amartya Sen, "The Economics of Life and Death," Scientific American, (May), 40-47. (9) See the growth of population chart in Amulya Ratna Nanda, Census of India, 1991, Series-1, Registrar General & Census Commisioner, India, Statement 2, 21. (10) Bombay Case Reporter, 20:3, (1988) 2-7.

Neo-Realism vs Neo-Liberalism

Kayla Ferry Political Science 150 Dr. Byron October 5, 2010 1) Neo-realism, also known as structural realism see international politics as a power struggle between states. Conflicts between states and security competition are due to a lack of â€Å"an overarching authority above states and the relative distribution of power in the international system† (Dunne 98). Scholar Kenneth Waltz defined the structure of the international system in three elements: organizing principle, differentiation of units, and distribution of capabilities.To structural realists the distribution of capabilities gives important insight to grasping international outcomes, and the relative distribution of power in the international system is the strategic variable to understanding such outcomes. Structural realists argue that the number of great powers that exists concludes the structure of the international system. Waltz describes the structure as the â€Å"ordering principle of the international syst em, which is anarchy and the distribution capabilities across units, which are states† (Dunne 127).Neo-realists also believe the structure of the international system shapes all foreign policy choices and see power as the collective competences of the states. In other words the more power a state has in the international system the more influence they have on world affairs. However the flaw that accompanies neo-realism, is the increase of the application of â€Å"self-help†, a. k. a. increase of military security. Neo-liberalist agrees largely with the views and beliefs of neo-realists, â€Å"the anarchic international structure, the centrality of states, and a rationalist approach to social scientific inquiry† (Dunne 115).The main difference between the two theories is neo-liberalist believe that anarchy does not mean the arrangements of cooperation are impossible. International regimes are the implementer for cooperation. Arguments made by neo-liberalists belie ve that academic inquiry is guided by a commitment to a scientific approach to theory building. In other words, personal beliefs and views cannot alter hypothesis made towards international politics. A separation of fact and values is the only way to insure an accurate theory. According the neo-liberalist, â€Å"the post-1945 orld order has been successful and durable because US hegemony has been of a liberal character† (Dunne 117). The downside of the hegemonic power is it has produced unequal gains for the West and the rest of the world. It is unresponsive to the needs of weaker states and people, which is seen with how the hegemonic power flexes its authority by the controlling of institutions, markets and resources. In contemporary international system, the application of the neo-liberal theory is apparent throughout foreign policy.Even in President Bush’s speech on the after math of 9/11. 2) Although neo-realism and neo-liberalism theories both agree that the inte rnational system is anarchic, they differ on all other accounts. Neo-realists believe that anarchy puts more constraints on foreign policy. Neo-realists also argue that neo-liberals overlook the importance of relative gains, and the most important goal of states in cooperation with each other is to prevent others from gaining more.With neo-realism, advocates believe that in the international system, anarchy forces states to be more concerned with relative power, security and survival. According to neo-realists, capabilities of states are a necessity for the security and independence of a state, and by not knowing another states intentions or interests forces other states to focus on their capabilities. In regards to institutions and regimes, neo-liberals â€Å"claim that they facilitate cooperation, and neo-realists say that they do not mitigate the constraining effects of anarchy on cooperation† (Dunne 133).The neo-neo debate goes back and forth and many other topics, only b ecause they study different worlds of international politics. Globalization has raised even more concerns for neo-realists, largely because they are more cautious about cooperation and see the world and its politics as very competitive. It is clear, in my opinion that neo-liberalism is by far the better theory. It allows the more powerful states to boost their economy, increase a state’s gains and gives states more influence on foreign policy. 3) Marxism gives a different view of world politics.Marxists believe that the world should be studied as a whole, and that the process of historical change is an effect of the economic development of the society. It is a different view of the world politics since it focuses more on economies of key states. Constructivists believe that the world is socially constructed, allowing them to investigate global change and transformation. This provides constructivists to use diffusion, which concerns how â€Å"particular models, practices, nor ms, strategies, or beliefs spread within a population† (Dunne 168).Institutional isomorphism (an issue that is observed by conservatisms, sees that the organizations that contain similar environments will eventually resemble each other), and internalization of norms (the belief that what is considered normal for a society, does not come out of nowhere but evolves through a political process), raise issues of an increasing homogeneity in world politics, a closer international community and socialization process. These different theories provide a different grasp and insight on world politics, allowing the liberalism theory to be better molded and applied to a larger area of the international system.

The Mysterious Great Sphinx of Giza Essay - 1359 Words

I Thought There Would Be Answers: The Mysterious Great Sphinx of Giza At the request of Napoleon Bonaparte in the early 1800’s Dominique Vivant Baron Denon French artist and diplomat was to record the exploits and accomplishments of Bonaparte’s Egyptian campaign. In 1802, he published his travels. â€Å"The perfection given by the Egyptians to the representations of their animals proves that they were not without an idea of that bold style which expresses much character in a few lines, and their execution tended to the grave, and to ideal perfection, as we have already remarked in instance of the Sphinx.† The generally accepted date of the great Sphinx of Giza is 2500BC attributed to Pharaoh Khafre of the fourth dynasty. If this is the†¦show more content†¦The Sphinx represents the guardian of the Giza plateau. Revered in Ancient Egypt the feline form has a long association with royalty, power and protection. An evacuation lead by French archaeologist Dr. Alain Zivie believed inscriptions suggest Egyptians bred lions as well as buried them in sacred cemeteries. In 2001, Zive and his crew found a mummified lion in the tomb of a woman understood to be the wet nurse of Pharaoh Tutankhamen dated to 1430. The wear of the lion’s teeth indicate it lived to old age and was in captivity. One theorist, Robert Temple, declares the Sphinx is not a lion at all, because of the flat back, lack of mane, and the disproportion of the head. He believes the original statue was craved before the old kingdom and portrayed the Egyptian god Anubis, with a head of a jackal and body of a man (see figure 1). Anubis is traditionally associated with mummification and the afterlife. Temple believes that between 2200-2000BC, the monument was defaced then re-carved during the fourth dynasty in the image of Pharaoh Khafre. He also presumes the Sphinx enclosure was flooded with Nile water to make an island. He uses a passage from Herodotus that discusses the cruelty of Pharaoh Khufu and how the slaves had to dig the moat for his burial chamber â€Å"For this they said, the ten years were spent, and for the underground he caused to be made as sepulchral chambers for himself in an island, havingShow MoreRelatedEgyptian Pyramids And The Pyramids960 Words   |  4 Pagesof Giza are one of th e mysterious ancient architecture in today’s world where people from all around the world go to visit this particular ancient art. It is extremely beautiful and is one of the many famous tourist spots around the world. The three main pyramids were built for each of the three pharaohs; Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure. The first and the largest pyramid at Giza was built by pharaoh Khufu whose reign started around 2551 B.C. 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